A Study on The Effectiveness of Project-Based Learning in Enhancing Entrepreneurial and Livelihood Skills Among Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) Students

Project-Based Learning is defined as a learner-centered instructional approach in which students actively engage in real-world, meaningful projects over an extended time frame, culminating in a public product or presentation (PBLWorks, n.d.; New Tech Network, n.d.). Unlike traditional teacher-led instruction, PBL situates students as designers, investigators, and problem solvers; such authentic engagement can support deeper understanding, creativity, collaboration, and self-regulated learning (New Tech Network, n.d.). A recent metaanalysis spanning 66 empirical studies found that PBL yields a moderate positive effect overall (standardized mean difference = 0.441, p < .001) on students’ learning outcomes, especially in terms of academic achievement, thinking skills, and affective attitudes (Zhang et al., 2023; see also Zhang, 2023 via PMC) , and is particularly potent in engineering and technology disciplines and in Asian settings (Zhang et al., 2023).